# Obsidian Regulatory Intelligence

> Real-time regulatory intelligence platform monitoring 4,800+ official government sources with global jurisdictional coverage. Built for compliance, legal, and strategy teams in Chemicals, ESG, and Life Sciences. A product of Obsidian Technologies SARL, based in Lausanne, Switzerland.

## Products
- [Obsidian Monitor Live](https://obsidianri.com/monitoring): Real-time regulatory dashboard with industry monitoring, custom email notifications, and plug-and-play setup for compliance officers, legal teams, and regulatory affairs professionals.
- [Obsidian Enterprise API](https://obsidianri.com/api): Enterprise integration API providing programmatic access to enriched regulatory feeds in RSS/Atom format, compatible with any GRC platform or compliance tool.
- [Obsidian Regulatory MCP](https://obsidianri.com/mcp): A Model Context Protocol (MCP) server that connects verified, tier-0 official regulatory data to AI assistants such as Claude, ChatGPT, Cursor, and Perplexity. The verified regulatory data layer for agentic compliance, every answer returned with its official source, date, and status. Free tier available.

## Industries
- [Chemicals & Materials](https://obsidianri.com/blog?industry=chemicals-and-advanced-materials-reach-pfas): This industry covers the production, use, and commercialization of chemical substances and advanced materials subject to strict environmental and...
- [ESG & Finance](https://obsidianri.com/blog?industry=esg-and-sustainable-finance-csrd): This vertical monitors the rapidly evolving landscape of corporate sustainability reporting and green finance. With the implementation of CSRD and...
- [Life Sciences](https://obsidianri.com/blog?industry=life-sciences-and-medtech-regulations): Focused on the highly regulated healthcare sector, this industry tracks critical updates from global health agencies (FDA, EMA, Swissmedic). It...
- [Legal Profession Regulation](https://obsidianri.com/blog?industry=legal-profession-regulation-and-bar-compliance): Monitors the rules governing the practice of law as a regulated profession — bar admission and registers, professional secrecy/legal privilege,...
- [Aviation & Aerospace](https://obsidianri.com/blog?industry=civil-aviation-and-aerospace-safety-icao-easa-faa): Monitors the globally harmonized, safety-critical regulation of civil aviation and aerospace, anchored on ICAO's Chicago Convention and its Annexes...
- [Maritime Shipping](https://obsidianri.com/blog?industry=maritime-shipping-and-marine-pollution-imo-solas-marpol): Monitors the global and regional regulatory regime for international shipping and maritime operations, built on IMO conventions — SOLAS (ship...
- [Food Safety & Agri-Food](https://obsidianri.com/blog?industry=food-safety-and-agri-food-chain-codex-efsa-fda): Monitors the primary-source regimes governing food safety and the agri-food chain, where Codex Alimentarius (FAO/WHO) sets the global reference floor...
- [Vehicle Type-Approval](https://obsidianri.com/blog?industry=automotive-vehicle-type-approval-unece-wp29): Monitors the type-approval-driven, internationally harmonized regulation of road vehicles: UNECE WP.29 (1958 Agreement and UN Regulations, including...
- [RF & Electrical Equipment Compliance](https://obsidianri.com/blog?industry=radio-telecom-and-electrical-equipment-compliance-red-emc-fcc): Product-conformity regulation for radio, telecom and electrical equipment placed on the market, built on the international standards floor set by the...
- [AI, Data & Digital](https://obsidianri.com/blog?industry=ai-data-and-digital-governance-ai-act-gdpr-dsa): Monitors the supranationally-led regulation of artificial intelligence, personal data and digital platforms, anchored by the EU AI Act, the GDPR, and...
- [Tobacco & Nicotine](https://obsidianri.com/blog?industry=tobacco-and-nicotine-products-fctc-tpd): Monitors the primary-source regimes governing tobacco, e-cigarettes/vaping and novel nicotine products, anchored by the WHO Framework Convention on...
- [Cosmetics](https://obsidianri.com/blog?industry=cosmetics-and-personal-care-eu-1223-2009-mocra): Monitors the primary-source regimes governing cosmetics and personal care products, anchored on the EU Cosmetics Regulation (EC) No 1223/2009 with...
- [Tax & Payroll](https://obsidianri.com/blog?industry=tax-accounting-and-payroll-vat-cit-beps): Monitors the primary-source regimes governing business taxation, accounting and payroll : VAT/GST acts and their deduction, registration and...

## Key Pages
- [Regulatory MCP](https://obsidianri.com/mcp): Connect verified tier-0 regulatory data to Claude, ChatGPT, Cursor, and any MCP client. Free tier, two-minute setup.
- [Developer Documentation](https://obsidianri.com/docs): Developer docs for the regulatory MCP server (the regulatory_search tool) and the enterprise REST API at api.obsidianri.com.
- [Pricing](https://obsidianri.com/pricing): Transparent pricing for Monitor Live and Enterprise API
- [Blog](https://obsidianri.com/blog): Guides and expert analysis on regulatory intelligence, plus the latest regulatory news

## Blog
- [What Is Regulatory Intelligence? The Complete Guide for Compliance Teams](https://obsidianri.com/blog/what-is-regulatory-intelligence): Regulatory intelligence is the systematic process of monitoring, analyzing, and acting on regulatory changes. Learn what it means, why it matters, and how modern tools help compliance teams stay ahead.
- [Regulatory Monitoring for Chemicals and PFAS: What Compliance Teams Need in 2026](https://obsidianri.com/blog/regulatory-monitoring-chemicals-pfas-2026): REACH revisions and PFAS restrictions are accelerating in 2026. Discover how regulatory monitoring tools help chemicals compliance teams track changes across jurisdictions and stay ahead of enforcement.
- [ESG and CSRD Regulatory Intelligence: Staying Ahead of Sustainability Reporting Requirements](https://obsidianri.com/blog/esg-csrd-regulatory-intelligence-2026): CSRD reporting requirements are now in effect for large EU companies. Learn how regulatory intelligence tools help ESG teams track evolving standards, delegated acts, and taxonomy updates in real time.
- [Regulatory Intelligence for Life Sciences and MedTech: FDA, EMA, and Global Compliance in 2026](https://obsidianri.com/blog/regulatory-intelligence-life-sciences-medtech-2026): Life sciences and MedTech companies face complex, fast-moving regulatory landscapes. Learn how regulatory intelligence platforms help track FDA, EMA, and global health authority updates in 2026.
- [Best Regulatory Intelligence Tools in 2026: Complete Comparison](https://obsidianri.com/blog/best-regulatory-intelligence-tools-2026): Compare the top regulatory intelligence platforms for 2026 including Obsidian, CUBE Global, Corlytics, Regology, and Thomson Reuters. Features, pricing transparency, coverage, and ease of use ranked.
- [How to Build a Regulatory Monitoring Strategy for Your Organization](https://obsidianri.com/blog/how-to-build-regulatory-monitoring-strategy): A step-by-step guide to building an effective regulatory monitoring strategy. Learn how to identify sources, set up workflows, choose tools, and maintain continuous compliance awareness.
- [Best Regulatory Intelligence Tools for Chemicals and PFAS Compliance in 2026](https://obsidianri.com/blog/best-regulatory-intelligence-tools-chemicals-2026): Compare the top regulatory intelligence platforms for chemicals compliance in 2026. REACH, PFAS, CLP monitoring tools evaluated by source coverage, substance tracking, and real-time capabilities.
- [Best Regulatory Intelligence Tools for ESG and Sustainable Finance in 2026](https://obsidianri.com/blog/best-regulatory-intelligence-tools-esg-2026): Compare ESG regulatory monitoring and reporting platforms for 2026. CSRD, ESRS, EU Taxonomy tracking tools evaluated for real-time monitoring, reporting features, and compliance support.
- [Top Regulatory Intelligence Platform in 2026: How to Choose the Right Solution](https://obsidianri.com/blog/top-regulatory-intelligence-platform-2026): Discover the top regulatory intelligence platforms for 2026. Compare Obsidian, CUBE Global, Enhesa, Corlytics, Regology, Thomson Reuters, and Wolters Kluwer by platform architecture, real-time detection, and integration capabilities.
- [MCP and Regulatory Intelligence: How the Model Context Protocol Is Changing Compliance](https://obsidianri.com/blog/mcp-model-context-protocol-regulatory-intelligence): The Model Context Protocol (MCP) lets AI assistants query live regulatory data from official sources. Learn how MCP works, why it matters for compliance teams, and how it compares to dashboards and APIs.
- [Best Regulatory Intelligence Tools for Life Sciences and MedTech in 2026](https://obsidianri.com/blog/best-regulatory-intelligence-tools-life-sciences-2026): Compare regulatory intelligence platforms for pharma and MedTech in 2026. FDA, EMA, and global health authority monitoring tools evaluated for real-time detection, competitive intelligence, and coverage.
- [Top Regulatory Intelligence MCP in 2026: Which MCP Servers Give AI Real Compliance Data?](https://obsidianri.com/blog/top-regulatory-intelligence-mcp-2026): A comparison of MCP servers available for regulatory intelligence and compliance in 2026. Which ones provide real-time official data, and which are limited to static lookups? We reviewed every option.
- [How to Validate Chemical Substances Against ECHA Regulatory Lists: A Complete Guide](https://obsidianri.com/blog/how-to-validate-chemical-substances-echa): Learn how to validate chemical substances against ECHA regulatory databases including SVHC, REACH Authorisation, Restriction, CLP, and POPs. Step-by-step guide for compliance teams with automated screening tools.
- [Best Tool for ECHA Substance Checks in 2026: Batch Screening for SVHC, REACH, and CLP](https://obsidianri.com/blog/best-tool-echa-substance-checks-2026): Compare options for checking chemical substances against ECHA databases in 2026. From manual lookups to enterprise platforms, find the best ECHA substance screening tool for batch SVHC, REACH, CLP, and POPs checks.
- [Chemical Substance Compliance in Europe: Every ECHA Regulatory List Manufacturers Must Check](https://obsidianri.com/blog/chemical-substance-compliance-europe-echa-lists): Complete guide to European chemical substance compliance. Map every ECHA regulatory list, from SVHC to REACH restrictions, understand supply chain obligations, and build a systematic compliance process for the EU market.
- [ESMA ESG Rating Providers Regulation: What You Need to Know Before August 2, 2026](https://obsidianri.com/blog/esma-esg-rating-providers-deadline-august-2026): The ESMA notification deadline for ESG rating providers is August 2, 2026. Learn who needs to register under Regulation EU 2024/3005, key dates, authorization requirements, and how to track ESG regulatory changes.
- [August 2, 2026: The Day ESG Ratings Become Regulated in Europe, and What It Means for Your Investment Process](https://obsidianri.com/blog/esg-ratings-regulation-europe-what-it-means-2026): ESG ratings become a regulated financial service in Europe on July 2, 2026. Deep analysis of what ESMA oversight means for rating providers, asset managers, and compliance teams. Strategic implications and preparation checklist.
- [Agentic Regulatory Intelligence: Why Your AI Needs a Verified Data Layer](https://obsidianri.com/blog/agentic-regulatory-intelligence): Agentic regulatory intelligence lets AI assistants like Claude and ChatGPT do regulatory research for you. Learn why frontier models hallucinate on regulation and why a verified, tier-0 data layer is the missing piece.
- [Why AI Hallucinates on Regulatory Questions (and How to Stop It)](https://obsidianri.com/blog/why-ai-hallucinates-regulatory-questions): AI hallucinates on regulatory and legal questions because it is built to sound right, not be right. The four failure modes, why prompting does not fix them, and the verified data layer that does.
- [RAG vs MCP: How AI Assistants Get Real-Time Regulatory Truth](https://obsidianri.com/blog/rag-vs-mcp-regulatory-ai): RAG vs MCP for regulatory AI: how each grounds an assistant in real data, a side-by-side comparison, and why MCP plus a maintained tier-0 layer beats building your own RAG pipeline.
- [What 'Tier-0' Regulatory Data Means for AI (and Why Provenance Wins)](https://obsidianri.com/blog/tier-0-regulatory-data-explained): Tier-0 regulatory data comes straight from regulators, not the open web. The tiers of regulatory data, what makes a layer trustworthy, and why provenance is what makes AI answers defensible.
- [EU Sustainability Reporting in 2026: CSRD, ESRS, and the Omnibus Simplification](https://obsidianri.com/blog/csrd-esrs-omnibus-2026): The current state of EU sustainability reporting in 2026: CSRD, ESRS, the EU Taxonomy and CS3D, as reshaped by the Stop-the-Clock and Omnibus I directives, with official references and verified dates.
- [How the REACH Restriction Process Works: SVHC, Candidate List, and PFAS](https://obsidianri.com/blog/reach-restriction-process-svhc-pfas): How the EU REACH restriction and authorisation process works, from SVHC identification to the Candidate List, Annex XIV and Annex XVII, with PFAS as the case study and verified substance data.
- [EU MDR in 2026: Transition Deadlines, Notified Bodies, and the Standards That Matter](https://obsidianri.com/blog/eu-mdr-2026-deadlines-standards): What the EU Medical Device Regulation (MDR, Regulation 2017/745) requires in 2026: transition deadlines, notified bodies, the December 2025 revision, and the MDCG guidance and ISO/IEC standards that decide market access.
- [The Regulators That Matter in 2026: A Cross-Industry Field Guide](https://obsidianri.com/blog/most-important-regulators-2026): A field guide to the regulators that matter across chemicals, sustainability, and life sciences in 2026, ECHA, the European Commission, EFRAG, ESMA, the FDA, EPA, EMA, ISO and more, across 45+ jurisdictions.
- [How to Connect a Regulatory MCP to Claude (Step by Step)](https://obsidianri.com/blog/how-to-connect-regulatory-mcp-to-claude): Step-by-step guide to connecting a regulatory MCP server to Claude, Claude Code, and Cursor in about two minutes, with the config blocks, verification, and troubleshooting. Free tier, no credit card.
- [Claude + Obsidian MCP: Regulatory Research Prompts That Work](https://obsidianri.com/blog/claude-obsidian-mcp-regulatory-research-prompts): A library of regulatory research prompts for Claude connected to the Obsidian MCP, for monitoring, status checks, framework deep-dives, comparisons, briefings, and deadlines, plus habits that make answers reliable.
- [Building an Agentic Compliance Workflow with Claude and MCP](https://obsidianri.com/blog/agentic-compliance-workflow-claude-mcp): How to build repeatable agentic compliance workflows with Claude and a regulatory MCP: monitoring briefs, watchlists, research-then-synthesis, and drafting, with the human-in-the-loop rule that keeps them safe.
- [The Regulatory AI Benchmark: How Obsidian Makes Any Model the Most Accurate, Best-Cited Regulatory AI](https://obsidianri.com/blog/regulatory-ai-benchmark): We put leading AI models through hundreds of complex regulatory tasks, alone and connected to a verified data layer. Accuracy went from 58 to 94 out of 100, and a cheap model connected beat every frontier model alone.
- [The Best Regulatory AI Companion for Claude, Benchmarked](https://obsidianri.com/blog/regulatory-ai-benchmark-claude): Benchmarked across the Claude models on current regulatory questions: accuracy rose from 59 to 94 out of 100 once connected to a verified data layer, with the lightest Claude matching the frontier one.
- [The Best Regulatory AI Companion for ChatGPT, Benchmarked](https://obsidianri.com/blog/regulatory-ai-benchmark-chatgpt): Benchmarked across the GPT models on current regulatory questions: accuracy rose from 54 to 95 out of 100 once connected to a verified data layer, with the smallest GPT matching the frontier one for under a cent a question.
- [Regulatory AI for ESG and CSRD: Claude and ChatGPT, Benchmarked](https://obsidianri.com/blog/regulatory-ai-benchmark-esg): Can AI handle CSRD, the ESRS and the EU Taxonomy? Across the ESG questions, accuracy rose from 72 to 90 out of 100 once models were connected to a verified, post-Omnibus data layer, each answer citing the official instrument.
- [Regulatory AI for Chemicals Compliance: Claude and ChatGPT, Benchmarked](https://obsidianri.com/blog/regulatory-ai-benchmark-chemical): Can AI handle REACH, UN GHS and the Stockholm Convention? Across the chemicals questions, accuracy rose from 53 to 95 out of 100 once models were connected to a verified data layer citing the exact decision and revision.
- [Regulatory AI for Life Sciences and MedTech: Claude and ChatGPT, Benchmarked](https://obsidianri.com/blog/regulatory-ai-benchmark-lifescience): Can AI handle ISO 14155, ICH E6(R3) and the IMDRF guidance? Across the life-sciences questions, accuracy rose from 52 to 96 out of 100 once models were connected to a data layer citing the correct current edition.
- [AI and Data Governance in Africa in 2026: Egypt, Nigeria, Kenya](https://obsidianri.com/blog/ai-data-digital-regulatory-compliance-africa): Egypt's PDPL grace period ends November 2026, Kenya debates a dedicated AI Bill, Nigeria fines up to 10 million naira. What AI governance teams must track.
- [AI and Data Governance in Asia Pacific: 2026 Regulatory Map](https://obsidianri.com/blog/ai-data-digital-regulatory-compliance-asia-pacific): South Korea's AI Basic Act, China's labeling fines, India's phased DPDP Rules, Australia's December 2026 deadline. Where AI and data law stands across APAC.
- [AI Act, GDPR, DSA in 2026: Europe's Moving Compliance Deadlines](https://obsidianri.com/blog/ai-data-digital-regulatory-compliance-europe): The EU AI Act high-risk deadline moved to December 2027. DSA fines hit Temu and X. GDPR fined TikTok 530 million euros. What compliance teams must track now.
- [AI and Data Governance in the Middle East: UAE, KSA, Qatar 2026](https://obsidianri.com/blog/ai-data-digital-regulatory-compliance-middle-east): DIFC Regulation 10 is live, Saudi PDPL enforcement hit 48 decisions, Israel overhauled its privacy law. What AI and data governance teams must track in the Gulf.
- [AI and Data Governance in North America: TRAIGA, SB 53, Colorado 2027](https://obsidianri.com/blog/ai-data-digital-regulatory-compliance-north-america): Texas TRAIGA and California SB 53 took effect January 1, 2026. Colorado's rewritten AI law lands in 2027. What AI governance teams must track in the US and Canada.
- [AI and Data Governance in South America: 2026 Regulatory Map](https://obsidianri.com/blog/ai-data-digital-regulatory-compliance-south-america): Chile's data law takes full force December 1, 2026. Brazil, Colombia, Argentina and Mexico each move on a different clock. Where AI compliance stands now.
- [Aviation Compliance in Africa 2026: NCAA, KCAA, SACAA, CORSIA](https://obsidianri.com/blog/aviation-aerospace-regulatory-compliance-africa): Nigeria digitalized pilot licensing in July 2026, Kenya gazetted 29 aviation rules, and CORSIA turns mandatory in 2027. What compliance teams must track.
- [Aviation Compliance in Asia-Pacific 2026: China's New Law, DGCA, CASA](https://obsidianri.com/blog/aviation-aerospace-regulatory-compliance-asia-pacific): China's revised Civil Aviation Law, India's 75-day Type Certificate clock, Singapore's B-RID mandate, CASA's SMS deadline. What aviation teams must track.
- [Europe Aviation Compliance 2026: EU ETS, ReFuelEU, Part-IS](https://obsidianri.com/blog/aviation-aerospace-regulatory-compliance-europe): Free EU ETS aviation allowances hit zero, ReFuelEU SAF penalties reach 14,000 euros per tonne, and Part-IS cybersecurity rules apply from February 2026.
- [Aviation Regulatory Compliance in the Middle East: GACA, GCAA, QCAA](https://obsidianri.com/blog/aviation-aerospace-regulatory-compliance-middle-east): Saudi Arabia, the UAE, Qatar and Israel run four separate aviation regimes. What changed in 2026 for drones, CORSIA and airworthiness, and how to track it.
- [Aviation Compliance in North America: FAA Part 108, MOSAIC, CORSIA 2027](https://obsidianri.com/blog/aviation-aerospace-regulatory-compliance-north-america): FAA missed its Part 108 BVLOS deadline, MOSAIC airworthiness rules land July 24, 2026, and CORSIA turns mandatory in 2027. What aviation compliance teams must track.
- [Aviation Compliance in South America 2026: RBAC 100, ANAC Cuts, SAF](https://obsidianri.com/blog/aviation-aerospace-regulatory-compliance-south-america): Brazil rewrote its drone rules and cut oversight by 40% in the same month. Argentina deregulated, Chile tightened. What aviation compliance teams must track.
- [Chemicals and Materials Regulatory Compliance in Africa in 2026](https://obsidianri.com/blog/chemicals-materials-regulatory-compliance-africa): PFAS bans, GHS adoption gaps and EU CBAM pressure reshape chemicals compliance across South Africa, Nigeria, Kenya, Ghana and Egypt in 2026.
- [Chemicals Regulatory Compliance in Asia-Pacific: 2026 Guide](https://obsidianri.com/blog/chemicals-materials-regulatory-compliance-asia-pacific): China REACH revision, Japan PFAS bans, K-REACH amendments and AICIS PFAS evaluation: what chemicals compliance teams must track across Asia-Pacific in 2026.
- [Chemicals and Materials Regulatory Compliance in Europe: 2026 Guide](https://obsidianri.com/blog/chemicals-materials-regulatory-compliance-europe): REACH revision shelved, PFAS restriction advancing, CLP Omnibus VI agreed. What chemicals and materials compliance teams in Europe must track in 2026.
- [Chemicals Regulatory Compliance in the Middle East: SASO, MOIAT, PFAS](https://obsidianri.com/blog/chemicals-materials-regulatory-compliance-middle-east): Saudi Arabia, the UAE, Qatar and Israel each run separate chemical control regimes. Here is what changed in 2026 and how to track SASO, MOIAT, MOCCAE and PFAS rules.
- [Chemicals Regulatory Compliance in North America: PFAS, TSCA, CEPA](https://obsidianri.com/blog/chemicals-materials-regulatory-compliance-north-america): TSCA PFAS reporting is delayed to 2027 while Maine and Minnesota bans hit in 2026. Here is what North America chemicals compliance teams need to track.
- [Chemicals Regulatory Compliance in South America: The 2026 Guide](https://obsidianri.com/blog/chemicals-materials-regulatory-compliance-south-america): Brazil, Colombia, Chile, Argentina and Mexico each run separate chemical inventories and deadlines in 2026. See what compliance teams must track and when.
- [Cosmetics Regulatory Compliance in Africa in 2026](https://obsidianri.com/blog/cosmetics-regulatory-compliance-africa): Nigeria's new cosmetics policy, Egypt's ISO 22716 licensing rule and Kenya's EAC standards reshape cosmetics compliance across Africa in 2026.
- [Cosmetics Regulatory Compliance in Asia-Pacific: NMPA, MFDS, BPOM](https://obsidianri.com/blog/cosmetics-regulatory-compliance-asia-pacific): China's new cosmetic ingredient rule took effect July 15, 2026 while Indonesia's BPOM deadline lands October 3, 2026. What Asia-Pacific cosmetics teams must track.
- [Cosmetics Regulatory Compliance in Europe: EU, UK, Switzerland](https://obsidianri.com/blog/cosmetics-regulatory-compliance-europe): EU Omnibus VIII banned 18 cosmetic ingredients overnight in 2026 while the UK and Switzerland run their own separate deadlines. What compliance teams must track.
- [Cosmetics Regulatory Compliance in the Middle East: SFDA, MOIAT, MoPH](https://obsidianri.com/blog/cosmetics-regulatory-compliance-middle-east): SFDA added 21 banned ingredients in one 2025 circular, Israel scrapped its cosmetics license entirely. What Gulf and Israel compliance teams must track.
- [Cosmetics Regulatory Compliance in North America: MoCRA, FDA, Canada](https://obsidianri.com/blog/cosmetics-regulatory-compliance-north-america): FDA has missed four MoCRA rulemaking deadlines while California and Health Canada keep moving. Here is what North America cosmetics compliance teams must track.
- [Cosmetics Compliance in South America: ANVISA, Invima, COFEPRIS](https://obsidianri.com/blog/cosmetics-regulatory-compliance-south-america): Brazil banned TPO and DMPT before the Andean Community did. Here is how ANVISA, ANMAT, Invima, ISP and COFEPRIS diverge on cosmetics compliance in 2026.
- [ESG and Sustainable Finance Regulatory Compliance in Africa in 2026](https://obsidianri.com/blog/esg-finance-regulatory-compliance-africa): South Africa's mandatory carbon budgets, Nigeria's ISSB roadmap and Egypt's binding FRA rules reshape ESG compliance across Africa in 2026.
- [ESG and Sustainable Finance Compliance in Asia-Pacific: 2026 Guide](https://obsidianri.com/blog/esg-finance-regulatory-compliance-asia-pacific): China's April 2026 CSRD-style filings, Japan's SSBJ mandate, Korea's FSC roadmap and AASB S2 in Australia: what ESG compliance teams must track in Asia-Pacific.
- [ESG and Sustainable Finance Compliance in Europe: 2026 Guide](https://obsidianri.com/blog/esg-finance-regulatory-compliance-europe): Revised ESRS adopted, CSRD scope cut 80%, CS3D narrowed, SFDR labels rebuilt. What ESG and sustainable finance teams in Europe must track in 2026.
- [ESG Regulatory Compliance in the Middle East: UAE, Qatar, Saudi Arabia](https://obsidianri.com/blog/esg-finance-regulatory-compliance-middle-east): UAE, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and Israel run four different ESG regimes. Here is what changed in 2026 and how to track SCA, MOCCAE, QFMA, QFCRA, the CMA and CBAM.
- [ESG Compliance in North America: SEC Retreats, States Advance](https://obsidianri.com/blog/esg-finance-regulatory-compliance-north-america): The SEC proposed rescinding its climate rule in May 2026 while California SB 253 keeps its August deadline. What ESG compliance teams in North America must track.
- [ESG and Sustainable Finance Compliance in South America 2026](https://obsidianri.com/blog/esg-finance-regulatory-compliance-south-america): Brazil dropped mandatory ISSB reporting in 2026 while Mexico and Chile made it binding. See where each South American ESG disclosure regime stands now.
- [Food Safety Compliance in Africa: NFSA, NAFDAC, KEBS 2026 Deadlines](https://obsidianri.com/blog/food-safety-agri-food-regulatory-compliance-africa): Egypt's GMO food grace period ends July 4, 2026 while Kenya finds maize aflatoxin at 500 ppb. What food safety teams must track across Africa's top 5 markets.
- [Food Safety Compliance in Asia-Pacific: GACC, SFA, MFDS 2026](https://obsidianri.com/blog/food-safety-agri-food-regulatory-compliance-asia-pacific): China overhauled food import registration in June 2026, Singapore criminalized unapproved cultured meat, and Korea is rewriting GMO labeling. What to track.
- [EU Food Safety in 2026: NGT Rules, UK Court Ruling, MOAH Limits](https://obsidianri.com/blog/food-safety-agri-food-regulatory-compliance-europe): The EU finalized its gene-editing rules on June 17, 2026 while a UK court called England's own regime unlawful. What Europe's food safety teams must track now.
- [Food Safety Compliance in the Middle East: SFDA, MOIAT, WATHEQ](https://obsidianri.com/blog/food-safety-agri-food-regulatory-compliance-middle-east): Saudi Arabia scrapped warnings for food poisoning fines in December 2025. What SFDA, UAE's ZAD, Qatar's WATHEQ and Israel's NFS require from importers now.
- [Food Safety Compliance in North America: FSMA 204, CFIA, FSVP 2026](https://obsidianri.com/blog/food-safety-agri-food-regulatory-compliance-north-america): Canada's front-of-package symbol became mandatory January 1, 2026 while FDA pushed traceability enforcement to 2028. What US and Canada food safety teams must track.
- [Food Safety Compliance in South America: ANVISA, COFEPRIS, INVIMA 2026](https://obsidianri.com/blog/food-safety-agri-food-regulatory-compliance-south-america): Brazil's ANVISA formula and supplement deadline hits September 1, 2026 while Mexico, Colombia, Argentina and Chile each move on their own calendar. What to track.
- [Legal Profession Regulation in Africa: Bar, AML, Data Rules 2026](https://obsidianri.com/blog/legal-profession-regulation-regulatory-compliance-africa): Nigeria rewrites its 1962 bar law, Morocco overhauls the avocat profession, South Africa switches exams. What legal compliance teams must track in Africa.
- [Legal Profession Regulation in Asia-Pacific: India, China, AI Rules](https://obsidianri.com/blog/legal-profession-regulation-regulatory-compliance-asia-pacific): India opens to foreign lawyers under 60-day FIFO caps, China tightens data transfer fines, Singapore issues AI ethics guidance. What compliance teams must track.
- [Legal Profession Regulation in Europe: AML, AI and Bar Rules 2026](https://obsidianri.com/blog/legal-profession-regulation-regulatory-compliance-europe): EU AMLR obligations from 2027, CCBE AI guidance, French disciplinary reform and German beA mandates. What law firm compliance teams must track across Europe.
- [Legal Profession Regulation in the Middle East: Bar and AML Rules](https://obsidianri.com/blog/legal-profession-regulation-regulatory-compliance-middle-east): Saudi Arabia's 70% nationalization rule, UAE AML rewrite, Qatar's courtroom limits and Israel's AI ethics opinion. What legal compliance teams must track.
- [Legal Profession Regulation in North America: Bar, AI, ABS Rules](https://obsidianri.com/blog/legal-profession-regulation-regulatory-compliance-north-america): NextGen bar exam launches July 2026, Arizona tightens ABS rules, and AI sanctions pile up. What US and Canadian legal compliance teams must track now.
- [Legal Profession Regulation in South America: 2026 Guide](https://obsidianri.com/blog/legal-profession-regulation-regulatory-compliance-south-america): Brazil's AI sanctions, Argentina's UIF deadlines, Chile's new data law. What legal compliance teams must track across South America in 2026.
- [Life Sciences Regulatory Compliance in Africa in 2026](https://obsidianri.com/blog/life-sciences-regulatory-compliance-africa): SAHPRA, NAFDAC, Kenya's PPB and Egypt's EDA each run separate device rules in 2026, while the African Medicines Agency still needs 24 more ratifications.
- [Life Sciences Regulatory Compliance in Asia-Pacific: 2026 Guide](https://obsidianri.com/blog/life-sciences-regulatory-compliance-asia-pacific): China's revised medical device GMP, Japan's eCTD v4.0 mandate, Australia's UDI rules and Korea's IVD evaluation system: what life sciences teams must track in APAC.
- [Life Sciences Regulatory Compliance in Europe: 2026 Guide](https://obsidianri.com/blog/life-sciences-regulatory-compliance-europe): MDR simplification proposed, Notified Body backlog tops 15,000 applications. What life sciences compliance teams in Europe must track in 2026.
- [Life Sciences Compliance in the Middle East: SFDA, EDE, AMAR](https://obsidianri.com/blog/life-sciences-regulatory-compliance-middle-east): The UAE dissolved MOHAP's device functions into a new EDE in 2025 and ended single-distributor deals in 2026. What SFDA, EDE, MoPH and AMAR require now.
- [Life Sciences Compliance in North America: QMSR, MDEL, and LDTs](https://obsidianri.com/blog/life-sciences-regulatory-compliance-north-america): FDA's QMSR took effect February 2, 2026 and Health Canada's MDEL overhaul lands December 14, 2026. What life sciences compliance teams must track now.
- [Life Sciences Regulatory Compliance in South America 2026](https://obsidianri.com/blog/life-sciences-regulatory-compliance-south-america): Brazil, Colombia, Mexico, Argentina and Chile each reformed device or drug rules in 2026 on separate timelines. See what compliance teams must track now.
- [Maritime Shipping Compliance in Africa: 2026 Regulatory Map](https://obsidianri.com/blog/maritime-shipping-regulatory-compliance-africa): Nigeria's NIMASA crackdown, South Africa's pending MARPOL rules and the IMO Net-Zero vote converge in 2026. What Africa maritime compliance teams must track.
- [Asia-Pacific Maritime Compliance 2026: CII, Net-Zero, Recycling](https://obsidianri.com/blog/maritime-shipping-regulatory-compliance-asia-pacific): IMO CII cuts hit 11% in 2026, the Net-Zero Framework vote is December 4, and China still has not ratified the Hong Kong Convention. What to track now.
- [Europe Maritime Compliance 2026: EU ETS, FuelEU, Port State Control](https://obsidianri.com/blog/maritime-shipping-regulatory-compliance-europe): EU ETS shipping hits 70% surrender in September 2026, FuelEU penalties reach 2,400 euros per tonne, and port state control now tracks ship recycling.
- [Maritime Compliance Middle East 2026: Hormuz, Red Sea, Mawani](https://obsidianri.com/blog/maritime-shipping-regulatory-compliance-middle-east): Hormuz war risk is 8x normal, Houthi Red Sea threats persist, and Mawani, UAE and Qatar enforce MARPOL differently. What compliance teams must track now.
- [Maritime Compliance North America: VIDA, Net-Zero, Port Fees 2026](https://obsidianri.com/blog/maritime-shipping-regulatory-compliance-north-america): USCG's VIDA deadline hits October 9, 2026, IMO's Net-Zero Framework vote is December 4, and Section 301 port fees resume November 9. What to track now.
- [Maritime Shipping Compliance in South America: 2026 Regulatory Map](https://obsidianri.com/blog/maritime-shipping-regulatory-compliance-south-america): Brazil's NORMAM-401 penalties, the EU ETS full phase-in and the IMO Net-Zero Framework vote all converge in 2026. What maritime compliance teams must track.
- [UAE: Decree-Law 27/2026 Sets Pharmacovigilance Practice Standard](https://obsidianri.com/blog/newsroom-ae-20260727-gvp-decree-law-medical-products): The UAE EDE published Federal Decree-Law 27/2026 on July 27, 2026, setting a Good Pharmacovigilance Practice standard for medical products that MAHs must now meet.
- [Australia: ACMA Proposes TLN Overhaul, 2026 Equipment Standards](https://obsidianri.com/blog/newsroom-au-20260720-acma-tln-customer-equipment-consultation): ACMA opened consultation on 20 July 2026 to amend the TLN 2025 and two draft 2026 customer equipment standards. Submissions close 17 September 2026.
- [Australia Opens 2026-27 Safeguard Mechanism Review Consultation](https://obsidianri.com/blog/newsroom-au-20260807-safeguard-mechanism-review-consultation): Australia opened the 2026-27 Safeguard Mechanism review on August 7, 2026; feedback on post-2030 baselines and trade-exposure rules is due by September 18, 2026.
- [Australia: TGA Seizes $750k Illegal Vapes and Nicotine Goods in Darwin](https://obsidianri.com/blog/newsroom-au-20260809-tga-darwin-vaping-seizure): Australia's TGA seized almost AUD 750,000 of illegal vaping goods, nicotine pouches and tobacco in Darwin, reinforcing the pharmacy-only vape retail rule.
- [Australia: TGA Nicotine Pouch Import Ban In Force Since July 24, 2026](https://obsidianri.com/blog/newsroom-au-20260809-tga-nicotine-pouch-import-ban): Australia's TGA banned nicotine pouch imports through three access schemes from 24 July 2026 and barred pharmacy compounding, closing every legal supply route.
- [Australia: FSANZ P1056 Restricts Caffeine in Foods, 2-Year Transition](https://obsidianri.com/blog/newsroom-au-20260811-p1056-caffeine-food-restrictions): Australia's FSANZ P1056, gazetted 9 June 2026, bans retail caffeine sale as food and restricts added caffeine. Food businesses must comply by 9 June 2028.
- [Australia: ACMA Consults on Remaking Technical Planning Guidelines](https://obsidianri.com/blog/newsroom-au-20260812-acma-technical-planning-guidelines-remake): Australia's ACMA consults on remaking the Broadcasting Services (Technical Planning) Guidelines 2017 before their 1 October 2027 sunset. Closes 23 September 2026.
- [Belgium: CRD VI Transposition Law Sets ESG Bank Supervision Rules](https://obsidianri.com/blog/newsroom-be-20260807-crd6-esg-banking-transposition): Belgium's July 22, 2026 Law, published August 7, 2026, transposes EU Directive 2024/1619, bringing ESG risk and supervisory rules to Belgian banks and insurers.
- [Bulgaria Adopts 2026 NHIF Budget: EUR 1.334bn for Medicines, Devices](https://obsidianri.com/blog/newsroom-bg-20260723-nhif-2026-budget-medicines): Bulgaria's parliament adopted the 2026 NHIF budget on July 22, 2026, setting a EUR 1.334bn envelope for medicines and devices and an 8.5% NHIF spending rise.
- [Brazil: ANPD Opens ECA Digital Enforcement Case Against Discord](https://obsidianri.com/blog/newsroom-br-20260808-anpd-discord-eca-digital-enforcement): Brazil's ANPD opened an ECA Digital enforcement case against Discord on August 7, 2026 over child-safety failures: age checks, takedown, reporting.
- [Brazil: Anvisa Opens Consultation to Amend RDC 727/2022 Food Labels](https://obsidianri.com/blog/newsroom-br-20260809-anvisa-rdc727-food-labeling-consultation): Brazil's Anvisa opened Consulta Publica no 1.400 on July 8, 2026 to amend RDC 727/2022 packaged food labeling. Comments are due by October 15, 2026.
- [Brazil: ECA Digital Transparency Report Due September 17, 2026](https://obsidianri.com/blog/newsroom-br-20260811-eca-digital-transparency-report): Brazil's ANPD sets September 17, 2026 for platforms with over one million under-18 users to publish the first ECA Digital transparency report under Law 15.211/2025.
- [Brazil: ANPD Orders Discord to Suspend Go Live Streaming in 3 Days](https://obsidianri.com/blog/newsroom-br-20260812-anpd-discord-go-live-suspension): Brazil's ANPD ordered Discord on August 12, 2026 to suspend Go Live streaming nationwide within 3 business days under the ECA Digital, pending child-safety proof.
- [Switzerland: BAG SL Updates Cover Ofev, Lynparza and Polivy](https://obsidianri.com/blog/newsroom-ch-20260804-bag-sl-updates-ofev-lynparza-polivy): Switzerland's BAG published new Spezialitaetenliste decisions: Ofev limit changes from August 1, 2026, plus Lynparza and Polivy admissions from July 1, 2026.
- [Cameroon: Illicit Tobacco Trade Protocol Applies From October 19, 2026](https://obsidianri.com/blog/newsroom-cm-20260722-fctc-illicit-trade-accession): Cameroon acceded to the WHO illicit tobacco trade protocol on July 21, 2026. It enters into force for Cameroon on October 19, 2026, bringing supply chain duties.
- [China: CAAC Consults on CCAR-398-R1 Safety Management Amendments](https://obsidianri.com/blog/newsroom-cn-20260723-caac-ccar-398-consultation): China's CAAC opened a July 23, 2026 consultation to fold the 2025 major safety-hazard standard into CCAR-398-R1 as a binding annex; comments close August 23.
- [China Consults on National ETS Allowance Allocation Plan 2025-2026](https://obsidianri.com/blog/newsroom-cn-20260727-ets-allocation-plan-consultation): China's MEE opened consultation on July 27, 2026 on the national ETS allowance allocation plan for power, steel, cement and aluminum. Comments close August 5, 2026.
- [China: CAC Opens Cybersecurity Review of Palo Alto Networks Products](https://obsidianri.com/blog/newsroom-cn-20260806-cac-review-palo-alto-networks): China's CAC opened a formal cybersecurity review of Palo Alto Networks products sold in China on August 6, 2026, turning January's vendor steer into a binding probe.
- [China Ends New Chemical Substance Record-Filing From August 15, 2026](https://obsidianri.com/blog/newsroom-cn-20260806-china-reach-recordation-ends-august-15): China's MEE stops new chemical substance record-filings from August 15, 2026; former record-filing cases must now use simplified registration under Order No. 12.
- [China: CAC Consults on Large Personal Information Handler Provisions](https://obsidianri.com/blog/newsroom-cn-20260807-cac-large-pi-handler-provisions): China's CAC seeks comments by September 7, 2026 on draft Provisions imposing a self-declaration duty on handlers processing 10 million or more individuals' data.
- [China: STMA Updates 2026 E-Cigarette Technical Review Guidelines](https://obsidianri.com/blog/newsroom-cn-20260810-stma-ecig-technical-review-2026): China's STMA updated its 2026 e-cigarette technical review guidelines on July 22, 2026, refining applicant conditions, required materials, and submission channels.
- [Colombia: CNPMDM Circular 023/2026 Tightens Medical Device Pricing](https://obsidianri.com/blog/newsroom-co-20260721-cnpmdm-circular-023-device-pricing): Colombia's CNPMDM issued Circular 023 of 2026, extending price monitoring to medical devices and placing medicated coronary stents under direct control.
- [Colombia: MinSalud Draft Mandates Drug and Device Supply Monitoring](https://obsidianri.com/blog/newsroom-co-20260722-minsalud-supply-monitoring-draft): Colombia published a MinSalud draft Resolution on July 21, 2026 creating a national supply-monitoring system for medicines and devices with new stock reports.
- [Colombia: Draft Decree Postpones Tax Deadlines for Earthquake Regions](https://obsidianri.com/blog/newsroom-co-20260812-earthquake-tax-deadline-extension): Colombia: MinHacienda draft decree of August 11, 2026 postpones renta and withholding deadlines for taxpayers in earthquake-affected DIAN seccionales.
- [Germany Adopts GeDIG Government Draft, Reshaping Digital Health](https://obsidianri.com/blog/newsroom-de-20260715-gedig-digital-health-draft): On July 15, 2026, Germany's cabinet adopted the GeDIG government draft, advancing reform of DiGA reimbursement, the ePA, health data use and AI medical devices.
- [Germany: Unsold Textile Destruction Ban Applies, Fines to EUR 100,000](https://obsidianri.com/blog/newsroom-de-20260720-espr-textile-destruction-ban): From July 19, 2026 Germany enforces the EU ban on destroying unsold textiles: ESPR Article 25, OekodesignG fines up to EUR 100,000, Laender surveillance.
- [Germany: BaFin Becomes AI Market Surveillance Authority for Finance](https://obsidianri.com/blog/newsroom-de-20260803-bafin-ai-market-surveillance): Germany named BaFin AI Act market surveillance authority for banks, insurers and investment firms from July 29, 2026, covering chatbot transparency and high-risk AI.
- [Germany: KI-MIG Implements EU AI Act, Names BNetzA as Supervisor](https://obsidianri.com/blog/newsroom-de-20260803-ki-mig-ai-act-implementation): Germany promulgated the KI-MIG on 28 July 2026 to enforce the EU AI Act, naming BNetzA as central AI supervisor and BaFin, BfArM, KBA as sectoral authorities.
- [Germany: New LuftVG Section 19e Governs Biometric Passenger Processing](https://obsidianri.com/blog/newsroom-de-20260805-luftvg-digital-biometric-passenger-processing): Germany's LuftVG Section 19e authorizes biometric digital check-in, baggage drop and boarding at German airports, with consent and a 3-hour deletion cap.
- [Germany: UBA Names QAV, TCPP and DCD Relevant Water Trace Substances](https://obsidianri.com/blog/newsroom-de-20260809-uba-trace-substances-water): Germany's UBA classified QAV, chlorinated organophosphate flame retardants, AHTN, DCD and 3-MP as relevant trace substances in water on July 24, 2026.
- [Germany: VerpackDG and PPWR Apply From August 12, 2026](https://obsidianri.com/blog/newsroom-de-20260813-ppwr-verpackdg-enters-force): Germany: BMUV confirms VerpackDG and PPWR apply from August 12, 2026. ZSVR authorisation, 2028 recycling quotas and conformity declarations now bind producers.
- [EU Adopts Revised ESRS and VSME Delegated Regulations](https://obsidianri.com/blog/newsroom-eu-20260708-revised-esrs-vsme-acts): On 3 July 2026 the European Commission adopted the revised ESRS Delegated Regulation and the VSME voluntary standard. Here is what CSRD reporters must do.
- [EU Council Agrees SFDR 2.0 Mandate: New Product Categories](https://obsidianri.com/blog/newsroom-eu-20260708-sfdr-2-council-mandate-trilogue): On June 24, 2026 the Council of the EU agreed its SFDR 2.0 negotiating position, replacing Article 8/9 with three product categories. What compliance leads must do.
- [EU Omnibus VII delays AI Act high-risk obligations to 2027](https://obsidianri.com/blog/newsroom-eu-20260709-ai-act-omnibus-vii-deferral): On July 8, 2026 the EU signed the Digital Omnibus VII, deferring AI Act high-risk duties from August 2026 to December 2027 (Annex III) and August 2028 (Annex I).
- [EU: OLAF Dismantles EUR 10M Illicit Cigarette Supply Chain in Spain](https://obsidianri.com/blog/newsroom-eu-20260709-olaf-illicit-cigarette-enforcement): On July 9, 2026, EU anti-fraud office OLAF and Europol dismantled a Spain-based illicit cigarette network, seizing 20 million cigarettes worth EUR 10 million.
- [EU Opens CSDDD Guidelines Consultation: 14 Days Left](https://obsidianri.com/blog/newsroom-eu-20260710-csddd-guidelines-consultation): European Commission consultation on CSDDD implementing guidelines closes July 24, 2026; adoption Q1 2027 ahead of July 26, 2029 application. 14 days to respond.
- [EU Publishes HTAR JCA Reports on Two Lung Cancer Medicines](https://obsidianri.com/blog/newsroom-eu-20260710-htar-jca-lung-cancer-reports): On 8 July 2026 the Commission published the second and third JCA reports under HTAR, on tarlatamab (Imdylltra) and lurbinectedin (Zepzelca) for ES-SCLC.
- [EU sets binding notified-body timelines for MDR and IVDR certificates](https://obsidianri.com/blog/newsroom-eu-20260710-mdr-ivdr-notified-body-timelines): On May 5, 2026 the EU published Implementing Regulation 2026/977, fixing binding MDR/IVDR notified-body timelines and re-certification rules from February 25, 2027.
- [EU Action Plan on AI cyber: connected-product compliance roadmap](https://obsidianri.com/blog/newsroom-eu-20260713-ai-act-cyber-action-plan): EU Action Plan on Cybersecurity and AI, presented July 7, 2026, ties AI Act, CRA, NIS2 and RED 3.3 rules into one roadmap before August 2, 2026 enforcement.
- [EU AI Act medical device deadlines: August 2026 vs August 2028](https://obsidianri.com/blog/newsroom-eu-20260713-ai-act-medical-device-deadlines): The EU AI Act becomes generally applicable on August 2, 2026. AI medical device and IVD high-risk duties are deferred to August 2, 2028.
- [EU Digital Omnibus on AI: draft final act lands in Council register](https://obsidianri.com/blog/newsroom-eu-20260713-digital-omnibus-ai-final-act): Council added the draft final act of the Digital Omnibus on AI on July 13, 2026, the last step before OJ publication and a conditional AI Act calendar reset.
- [EU Draft Delegated Regulation: GSR UNECE Reference Update 2026](https://obsidianri.com/blog/newsroom-eu-20260713-gsr-unece-references-update): EU initiative #18732 updates the General Safety Regulation Annexes to incorporate the new UN Regulation on Automated Driving Systems and June 2026 WP.29 outputs.
- [EU: EDPB Binding Decision 1/2026 on NOYB Cookie Banner Complaint](https://obsidianri.com/blog/newsroom-eu-20260715-edpb-cookie-banner-binding-decision): EDPB Binding Decision 1/2026 forces the Belgian DPA to rule on the merits of NOYB's VRT cookie banner complaint, rejecting an abuse-of-rights dismissal.
- [EU: AI Act Article 50 Transparency Guidelines Apply From 2 August 2026](https://obsidianri.com/blog/newsroom-eu-20260720-ai-act-art50-transparency): EU guidelines of 20 July 2026 clarify AI Act Article 50 duties for providers and deployers from 2 August 2026, with marking grace to 2 December for older systems.
- [EU Fines AliExpress EUR 550 Million for DSA Risk-Assessment Failures](https://obsidianri.com/blog/newsroom-eu-20260720-aliexpress-dsa-550m-fine): EU Commission fined AliExpress EUR 550 million on July 19, 2026 under the DSA for failing to assess and mitigate risks of illegal and counterfeit products.
- [EU: ESPR Ban on Destroying Unsold Clothes Applies From July 19, 2026](https://obsidianri.com/blog/newsroom-eu-20260720-espr-unsold-clothes-destruction-ban): From July 19, 2026, large EU apparel and footwear companies cannot destroy unsold clothes and shoes under ESPR Article 25. Scope, exemptions and next steps.
- [EU: Digital Product Passport Registry Goes Live Under ESPR](https://obsidianri.com/blog/newsroom-eu-20260721-dpp-registry-go-live): EU Digital Product Passport Registry went live July 20, 2026 under ESPR. Operators must register product data; first deadline February 18, 2027 for large batteries.
- [EU: Corrigendum Rewrites Recycled PET Bottle Reporting Formulas](https://obsidianri.com/blog/newsroom-eu-20260721-recycled-pet-bottle-corrigendum): EU corrigendum to Implementing Decision 2026/1425 replaces the recycled plastic calculation formulas and reporting tables for PET bottles under Directive 2019/904.
- [EU Fines Google EUR 890M Under DMA for Search and Play Breaches](https://obsidianri.com/blog/newsroom-eu-20260723-google-dma-890m-fine): The EU Commission fined Google EUR 890M on July 22, 2026 under the DMA for Google Search self-preferencing and Google Play anti-steering, with 60 days to comply.
- [EU: Draft Updates Radio Equipment Directive Wired Charging Specs](https://obsidianri.com/blog/newsroom-eu-20260723-red-wired-charging-update): EU initiative #18807 drafts a delegated regulation under RED Directive 2014/53/EU updating wired charging specs and the label, adoption planned Q1 2027.
- [EU: TikTok Faces DSA Preliminary Breach Finding Over Minor Accounts](https://obsidianri.com/blog/newsroom-eu-20260724-tiktok-dsa-minor-accounts): The European Commission sent TikTok preliminary findings that its minor accounts breach DSA rules on default settings and For You Feed recommendations.
- [EU CBAM Scope Extension to 180 Downstream Goods Heads to Plenary](https://obsidianri.com/blog/newsroom-eu-20260727-cbam-downstream-scope-extension): The European Parliament has scheduled a 14 September 2026 plenary first reading on the EU proposal extending CBAM to 180 downstream steel and aluminium goods.
- [EU: First Cyber Resilience Act Guidance, 67 Practical Examples](https://obsidianri.com/blog/newsroom-eu-20260727-cra-art26-guidance-final): EU: Commission published first CRA guidance C(2026) 5252 on July 27, 2026, clarifying scope, support periods and reporting before the September 11, 2026 deadline.
- [EU: Digital Omnibus on AI Enters Into Force, Defers High-Risk Rules](https://obsidianri.com/blog/newsroom-eu-20260727-digital-omnibus-ai-defers-high-risk): EU Regulation 2026/1744 (Digital Omnibus on AI) entered into force on 27 July 2026, deferring AI Act Annex III high-risk rules to 2 December 2027.
- [EU: AI Act Enforcement and Article 50 Transparency Begin 2 August 2026](https://obsidianri.com/blog/newsroom-eu-20260731-ai-act-enforcement-art50): EU AI Act enforcement and Article 50 transparency start August 2, 2026: AI disclosure, deepfake labels, machine-readable marks, live complaint tools.
- [EU: EMA PRAC Adds Meningioma Contraindication to Desogestrel Products](https://obsidianri.com/blog/newsroom-eu-20260803-ema-prac-desogestrel-meningioma-contraindication): EU: PRAC adds a meningioma contraindication to desogestrel and etonogestrel products and updates Jaydess on ectopic pregnancy, with MAH deadlines from August 2026.
- [EU: Commission Publishes PPWR FAQ Before August 12 Applicability](https://obsidianri.com/blog/newsroom-eu-20260804-ppwr-faq-before-applicability): The European Commission published its PPWR FAQ on August 3, 2026, nine days before the EU packaging regulation applies on August 12.
- [EU: Carbendazim and Thiophanate-Methyl MRLs Lowered to LOD](https://obsidianri.com/blog/newsroom-eu-20260809-carbendazim-thiophanate-mrl-lod): EU Regulation 2026/1546 lowers all carbendazim and thiophanate-methyl MRLs in citrus, mangoes, papayas and okra to the LOD, in force since 29 July 2026.
- [EU: Chromium Trioxide REACH Authorisation for Functional Plating](https://obsidianri.com/blog/newsroom-eu-20260809-chromium-trioxide-reach-authorisation): EU: Commission Decision C(2026) 4743 grants two German firms a REACH chromium trioxide authorisation for functional plating, valid until November 2035.
- [EU: Regulation 2026/909 Bans Triphenyl Phosphate, Caps Citral](https://obsidianri.com/blog/newsroom-eu-20260809-cosmetics-ingredient-restrictions): EU Regulation 2026/909, in force since May 18, 2026, caps Benzyl Salicylate and Citral, bans Triphenyl Phosphate and rewrites aluminium and zinc limits in cosmetics.
- [EU: Omnibus Act IX Draft Bans Cosmetics Ingredients From February 2027](https://obsidianri.com/blog/newsroom-eu-20260809-omnibus-act-ix-cosmetics-bans): EU Omnibus Act IX, WTO-notified on July 8, 2026, would ban 16 cosmetic ingredients and restrict CBD and BHA under Regulation (EC) No 1223/2009 from February 1, 2027.
- [EU: Safety Gate Flags Pixi Eyeliner for PFOA-Related PFAS](https://obsidianri.com/blog/newsroom-eu-20260809-safety-gate-pixi-eyeliner-pfas): EU Safety Gate SR/02152/26 (6 Aug 2026) flags Pixi Endless Silky Eye Pen for perfluorononyl dimethicone under POP and REACH; Danish stop of sales from Feb 2025.
- [EU: PPWR PFAS Food-Contact Packaging Ban Applies From August 12, 2026](https://obsidianri.com/blog/newsroom-eu-20260811-ppwr-pfas-food-contact-ban): From August 12, 2026, the EU PPWR bans PFAS in food-contact packaging above strict limits. Wrappers, containers and pizza boxes must comply to stay on the market.
- [EU: End-of-Life Vehicles Regulation Enters Into Force August 13, 2026](https://obsidianri.com/blog/newsroom-eu-20260812-elv-regulation-enters-force): EU Regulation 2026/1738 on end-of-life vehicles enters into force August 13, 2026, setting recycled-content, EPR, design and export rules for automotive actors.
- [EU: PPWR Opens Plastic Recycling Sustainability Criteria for Q4 2026](https://obsidianri.com/blog/newsroom-eu-20260813-ppwr-recycling-sustainability-criteria): EU initiative 19033 opens the PPWR Art. 7(9) delegated decision on plastic recycling sustainability criteria, with Commission adoption planned for Q4 2026.
- [France: ANFR 2025 DAS Checks Flag 9 Breaches, 17 Models Corrected](https://obsidianri.com/blog/newsroom-fr-20260721-anfr-das-mobile-terminal-controls): France's ANFR checked 80 mobile terminals in 2025: 9 SAR breaches, 8 admin non-conformities and 17 models under corrective measures under the RED.
- [France: SNBC 3 Carbon Budgets to 2038 Fixed by Decree 2026-636](https://obsidianri.com/blog/newsroom-fr-20260722-snbc3-carbon-budgets-decree): France signed Decree 2026-636 on July 16, 2026 (JORF July 18), setting 342, 262 and 194 Mt CO2e/year carbon budgets through 2038 under SNBC 3.
- [France: PFAS Liquid Waste Treatment Order Applies for ICPE Sites](https://obsidianri.com/blog/newsroom-fr-20260725-pfas-liquid-waste-icpe): France's July 16, 2026 order imposes PFAS abatement, monthly sampling and a 4.4 ng/L PFOA-equivalent limit on ICPE 2790/2791 liquid waste sites from July 26, 2026.
- [United Kingdom: CAA VTOL Framework Consultation Closes July 31, 2026](https://obsidianri.com/blog/newsroom-gb-20260725-caa-vtol-framework-consultation): United Kingdom CAA consultation on the VTOL regulatory framework (CAP3267 A-E) closes July 31, 2026, covering CMPA, airworthiness, licensing and flight operations.
- [United Kingdom: FSA Issues Cell-Cultivated and Novel Food Guidance](https://obsidianri.com/blog/newsroom-gb-20260810-fsa-cell-cultivated-novel-food-guidance): On July 10, 2026 the UK FSA and FSS published four guidance packs on cell-cultivated and novel foods, covering hygiene, microbiology, applications and taste trials.
- [United Kingdom: Tobacco and Vapes Act 2026 Phases Out Tobacco Sales](https://obsidianri.com/blog/newsroom-gb-20260810-tobacco-vapes-act-smokefree-generation): UK Tobacco and Vapes Act 2026 bans tobacco sales to anyone born on or after January 1, 2009 from 2027, and tightens vape advertising, packaging and licensing rules.
- [United Kingdom: HSE Opens PFAS Foam Restriction SEA Consultation](https://obsidianri.com/blog/newsroom-gb-20260811-pfas-foam-restriction-sea-consultation): United Kingdom HSE published its Agency Opinion on a UK REACH PFAS firefighting-foam restriction on July 9, 2026; socioeconomic comments close September 7, 2026.
- [United Kingdom: £200 Tobacco and Vape FPNs From October 29, 2026](https://obsidianri.com/blog/newsroom-gb-20260811-tobacco-vapes-fpn-guidance): United Kingdom: £200 tobacco and vape fixed penalty notices apply from October 29, 2026, with nation-specific offence lists and early-payment discounts.
- [Global: SBTi Opens FLAG Standard V2 Call for Evidence to October 8](https://obsidianri.com/blog/newsroom-global-20260731-sbti-flag-v2-call-for-evidence): SBTi's global call for evidence on FLAG Standard V2 opened July 30, 2026 and closes October 8. FLAG companies can use Corporate Net-Zero Standard V2 tools now.
- [Global: FCTC Protocol Working Groups Open on Articles 6.5 and 24](https://obsidianri.com/blog/newsroom-global-20260809-fctc-protocol-working-groups-65-24): WHO FCTC reported on July 12, 2026 that global Protocol working groups on Article 6.5 input controls and Article 24 enforcement cooperation held first meetings.
- [Global: WHO FCTC VIPRS Application Round Closes With Six Parties](https://obsidianri.com/blog/newsroom-global-20260809-fctc-viprs-application-round-closes): On July 15, 2026 the WHO FCTC Secretariat closed the global VIPRS peer review application round after receiving six Party applications under Decision FCTC/COP10(22).
- [Global: Codex Adopts Precautionary Allergen Labelling Guidance](https://obsidianri.com/blog/newsroom-global-20260811-codex-allergen-pal-guidance): On July 7, 2026 the global Codex Alimentarius adopted precautionary allergen labelling guidance under CXS 1-1985, a risk-based benchmark for may contain labels.
- [Indonesia: BPOM Revokes 14 Cosmetic Permits Over Banned Ingredients](https://obsidianri.com/blog/newsroom-id-20260809-bpom-revokes-cosmetic-permits): Indonesia's BPOM revoked izin edar permits for 14 cosmetic products containing mercury, hydroquinone and retinoic acid in its Q2 2026 enforcement sweep.
- [Iceland: Digital Health Bill Establishes Central Infrastructure Unit](https://obsidianri.com/blog/newsroom-is-20260805-digital-health-infrastructure-bill): Iceland opened consultation on a draft Digital Health bill creating a central unit for shared health-data infrastructure, interoperability and security.
- [Iceland: Regulation 879/2026 Mandates Healthcare Internal Controls](https://obsidianri.com/blog/newsroom-is-20260807-healthcare-internal-controls-879): Iceland's Ministry of Health published Regulation 879/2026 on healthcare internal controls, in force 8 Aug 2026, with full procedures required by 1 Jan 2027.
- [Japan: MIC Consults on Mobile Base Station Licensing Reform](https://obsidianri.com/blog/newsroom-jp-20260804-mobile-base-station-licensing-reform): Japan's MIC seeks comments to Sep 8, 2026 on Radio Act ordinances on portable base stations, Sub6 blanket-license expansion and RedCap and 5G antenna-power rules.
- [Japan: MIC Seeks Comments on Globalstar C-3 Satellite Radio Standards](https://obsidianri.com/blog/newsroom-jp-20260807-globalstar-c3-mss-examination-standards): Japan's MIC is taking public comments to September 10, 2026 on Radio Act standards enabling Globalstar C-3 mobile satellite terminals in Japan.
- [Japan: MHLW Orders Methamidophos Tests on Indian Moringa](https://obsidianri.com/blog/newsroom-jp-20260809-moringa-methamidophos-inspection-order): Japan: On July 16, 2026, MHLW issued a Food Sanitation Act Article 26(3) order requiring methamidophos testing of every Indian moringa immature seed-pod import lot.
- [Japan: NITE Publishes FY2025 GHS Results for 142 Substances](https://obsidianri.com/blog/newsroom-jp-20260811-fy2025-ghs-classification-142-substances): Japan: NITE published FY2025 GHS results for 142 substances on July 3, 2026. They are non-binding reference for Japan labels and SDS, not a legal mandate.
- [South Korea: MOLIT Consults on Aviation Medical Certification Rules](https://obsidianri.com/blog/newsroom-kr-20260804-aviation-medical-certification-consultation): South Korea's MOLIT opened a 20-day consultation on August 4, 2026 on a partial amendment to aviation medical certification rules; comments close August 24, 2026.
- [South Korea: Bill Opens AV Suitability Approval to Cooperatives](https://obsidianri.com/blog/newsroom-kr-20260806-av-coop-suitability-approval): South Korea's National Assembly received Bill 2220466 on August 5, 2026, adding transport cooperatives as eligible applicants for MOLIT AV suitability approval.
- [South Korea: K-BPR Enforcement Rule Amendment Effective July 1, 2026](https://obsidianri.com/blog/newsroom-kr-20260811-k-bpr-enforcement-rule-amendment): South Korea: K-BPR Enforcement Rule (MCEE Ord. No. 48) entered force on July 1, 2026, revising biocidal approval and risk-assessment procedures under Act No. 21310.
- [Mexico: New LFPIORPI General Rules Mandate Risk-Based AML Compliance](https://obsidianri.com/blog/newsroom-mx-20260811-lfpiorpi-rcg-aml-risk-based): Mexico's SHCP published new LFPIORPI General Rules in August 2026, imposing a risk-based AML framework on lawyers, notaries and other obliged entities.
- [Netherlands: Bill 36864 Transposes IED 2.0 as EU Deadline Lapses](https://obsidianri.com/blog/newsroom-nl-20260809-bill-36864-ied2-transposition): Netherlands Bill 36864 transposes EU IED 2.0 (Directive 2024/1785) and the PIE Regulation into the Omgevingswet, expanding BAT-AEL permits for 5,000 installations.
- [Norway: 2026 Snus Tax Rises to NOK 102, Tobacco Duty Up 2.2%](https://obsidianri.com/blog/newsroom-no-20260810-tobacco-snus-excise-2026): Norway's 2026 excise schedule raises snus duty to NOK 102 per 100 g and lifts tobacco excise 2.2%. Importers must update 2026 pricing and declarations.
- [Poland: Mobbing and Discrimination Duties Apply From November 5, 2026](https://obsidianri.com/blog/newsroom-pl-20260806-mobbing-discrimination-labour-code): Poland's June 2026 Labour Code amendment redefines mobbing, broadens discrimination and requires employers with 10+ staff to adopt anti-mobbing rules by 5 May 2027.
- [Thailand: DCCE Seeks Comments on Second LT-LEDS Revision by July 27](https://obsidianri.com/blog/newsroom-th-20260721-lt-leds-second-revision-consultation): Thailand's DCCE seeks comments by 27 July 2026 on the second LT-LEDS revision, the non-binding net zero 2050 pathway the Climate Change Act will operationalize.
- [Turkey: SGK Amends Reimbursable Drugs List From August 14, 2026](https://obsidianri.com/blog/newsroom-tr-20260812-sgk-reimbursable-drugs-list): Turkey SGK Announcement 2026/31 amends the EK-4/A reimbursable drugs list from August 14, 2026: one addition, three amendments, one passivation, four removals.
- [US: FDA Submits FSMA 204 Traceability Records Burden to OMB Review](https://obsidianri.com/blog/newsroom-us-20260611-fsma-204-omb-traceability-burden): US: FDA sent FSMA 204 traceability recordkeeping burden to OMB on June 11, 2026, putting 23,071,935 annual recordkeeping hours on the public record.
- [US: EPA Draft Finds Unreasonable Risk From TBBPA Under TSCA](https://obsidianri.com/blog/newsroom-us-20260616-epa-tbbpa-tsca-risk-evaluation): US EPA's draft TSCA risk evaluation for TBBPA flame retardant finds unreasonable risk to workers and environment; comments close August 17, 2026.
- [US: FCC Opens Proceeding to Strip SGS-CSTC Shenzhen Lab Recognition](https://obsidianri.com/blog/newsroom-us-20260721-fcc-sgs-cstc-recognition-withdrawal): The US FCC OET released DA-26-744 on July 20, 2026, instituting ET Docket 26-111 to withdraw recognition of SGS-CSTC Shenzhen (CN1336) under 47 CFR 2.951.
- [US: FCC Adds Router Conditional Approvals, Extends Drone Exemptions](https://obsidianri.com/blog/newsroom-us-20260722-fcc-covered-list-router-approvals): US FCC updated its Secure Networks Act Covered List on July 21, 2026, adding new router conditional approvals and making drone exemptions open-ended for OEMs.
- [US: FCC Closes Covered List Component Loophole, Bars New Devices](https://obsidianri.com/blog/newsroom-us-20260724-fcc-covered-list-component-loophole): US FCC adopted a Third Report and Order on July 22, 2026 closing the component-part loophole: new devices with Covered List components cannot be authorized.
- [US: FCC Adds UAS and Router Covered List Approvals](https://obsidianri.com/blog/newsroom-us-20260724-fcc-uas-router-approvals): US FCC updated its Covered List on July 24, 2026, adding Exedy, Parallel Flight, Humax and Askey Conditional Approvals plus Calix and Sagemcom class broadenings.
- [US: FCC Adds Foreign Power Inverters, Robots to Covered List](https://obsidianri.com/blog/newsroom-us-20260729-fcc-covered-list-inverters-robots): US FCC on July 28, 2026 added foreign power inverters and advanced robots to the Covered List, barring new authorizations without Conditional Approval.
- [US: FDA Draft Guidance Targets Biosimilar Container Closure Systems](https://obsidianri.com/blog/newsroom-us-20260731-fda-biosimilar-container-closure-guidance): US FDA July 2026 draft guidance (FDA-2026-D-4272) expands container closure and device constituent part expectations for biosimilar and interchangeable products.
- [US: FCC Seeks Comment on Military-Grade Foreign Drone Import Ban](https://obsidianri.com/blog/newsroom-us-20260803-fcc-military-grade-uas-import-ban): The US FCC proposes to bar import and marketing of previously authorized military-grade foreign drones and components; comments close September 2, 2026.
- [US: FCC Proposes HBOM/SBOM Disclosures, Covered List Bifurcation](https://obsidianri.com/blog/newsroom-us-20260807-fcc-covered-list-overhaul-proposals): US FCC Third Further Notice (FCC 26-50) proposes HBOM/SBOM disclosure, Covered List bifurcation and a US-based liable party. Comments due September 8, 2026.
- [US: FDA Accelerated Approval for Tudriqev in Refractory Melanoma](https://obsidianri.com/blog/newsroom-us-20260807-tudriqev-accelerated-approval): US FDA on August 6, 2026, granted accelerated approval to Tudriqev plus nivolumab for anti-PD-1 refractory advanced melanoma, with confirmatory trials required.
- [US: FDA Proposes DBT Reclassification From PMA to 510(k)](https://obsidianri.com/blog/newsroom-us-20260810-fda-dbt-reclassification-510k): US FDA on August 10, 2026, proposed reclassifying digital breast tomosynthesis systems (OTE) from class III PMA to class II 510(k); comments close October 9, 2026.
- [Montana Proposes USP Compounding Endorsements, MAR 2026-131](https://obsidianri.com/blog/newsroom-us-mt-20260804-montana-compounding-usp-endorsements): Montana proposes MAR 2026-131, aligning pharmacy compounding with USP 795/797/800/825 and adding sterile-compounding and outsourcing facility endorsements.
- [RF and Electrical Equipment Compliance in Africa in 2026](https://obsidianri.com/blog/rf-electrical-equipment-compliance-regulatory-compliance-africa): Kenya banned 21 phone brands and mandated USB-C in February and March 2026, while Nigeria's NCC fined telcos 149 million naira for unapproved devices.
- [RF and Electrical Equipment Compliance in Asia-Pacific in 2026](https://obsidianri.com/blog/rf-electrical-equipment-compliance-regulatory-compliance-asia-pacific): China's old SRRC certificates expired December 31, 2025, Australia's smart device cyber rules commenced March 4, and India opened 6 GHz with a re-cert trap.
- [RF and Electrical Equipment Compliance in Europe in 2026](https://obsidianri.com/blog/rf-electrical-equipment-compliance-regulatory-compliance-europe): ANACOM fined Fnac Portugal 95,625 euros in March 2026, the RED cybersecurity rules apply since August 2025, and the CRA's reporting duty starts September 11.
- [RF Equipment Compliance in the Middle East: SASO 3114:2026, TDRA](https://obsidianri.com/blog/rf-electrical-equipment-compliance-regulatory-compliance-middle-east): Saudi Arabia's SASO 3114:2026 replaces GEN-002 by October 31, 2026. See how CST, TDRA, MoIAT, CRA and Israel's MoC each run separate type approvals.
- [RF Equipment Compliance in North America: FCC and ISED 2026 Changes](https://obsidianri.com/blog/rf-electrical-equipment-compliance-regulatory-compliance-north-america): FCC's Trusted Test Lab rule takes effect June 15, 2026, ISED closed its RSS-Gen Issue 6 consultation May 29, and the EU CRA reporting duty starts September 11.
- [RF and Electrical Equipment Compliance in South America in 2026](https://obsidianri.com/blog/rf-electrical-equipment-compliance-regulatory-compliance-south-america): Brazil, Argentina, Chile and Colombia each run separate 2026 equipment homologation regimes, with no mutual recognition and a 6.27 million reais ANATEL fine.
- [Tobacco and Nicotine Compliance in Africa 2026](https://obsidianri.com/blog/tobacco-nicotine-regulatory-compliance-africa): South Africa debates its Tobacco Bill, Morocco enforces new IMANOR standards, Kenya fights over a flavour ban. See the five-country African compliance map.
- [Tobacco and Nicotine Compliance in Asia Pacific: 2026 Regulatory Map](https://obsidianri.com/blog/tobacco-nicotine-regulatory-compliance-asia-pacific): China's pouch monopoly rules, Singapore's fivefold vape fines, Hong Kong's possession ban, South Korea's e-cigarette tax. Asia Pacific tobacco law in 2026.
- [Tobacco and Nicotine Compliance in Europe: TPD3 and Vape Bans 2026](https://obsidianri.com/blog/tobacco-nicotine-regulatory-compliance-europe): The EU opened its TPD3 consultation in May 2026 while Austria's disposable vape ban sits frozen by Brussels. Here is what compliance teams must track now.
- [Tobacco and Nicotine Compliance Middle East: SFDA, MOIAT, Qatar 2026](https://obsidianri.com/blog/tobacco-nicotine-regulatory-compliance-middle-east): Qatar bans e-cigarettes outright, Saudi Arabia taxes them at 100 percent, Israel mandates black devices from September 2026. Five regimes, one region.
- [Tobacco and Nicotine Compliance North America: FDA PMTA 2026](https://obsidianri.com/blog/tobacco-nicotine-regulatory-compliance-north-america): FDA cleared 70% of its PMTA backlog in 2025 while seizing 18 million unauthorized vapes in May 2026. Canada still has no timeline for its flavour ban.
- [Tobacco and Nicotine Compliance in South America 2026](https://obsidianri.com/blog/tobacco-nicotine-regulatory-compliance-south-america): Brazil and Mexico ban e-cigarettes outright while Argentina just legalized them in May 2026. See the five-country regulatory map for tobacco and nicotine.
- [Vehicle Type Approval in Africa 2026: NRCS, VehCAP, KEBS, AfCFTA](https://obsidianri.com/blog/vehicle-type-approval-regulatory-compliance-africa): Kenya's 8 year import rule bit on January 1, Nigeria delayed VehCAP to August, and the AU approved automotive Rules of Origin in February 2026.
- [Vehicle Type-Approval in Asia-Pacific 2026: China, Japan, India](https://obsidianri.com/blog/vehicle-type-approval-regulatory-compliance-asia-pacific): China's GB 44495 cybersecurity gate, Japan's R155/R156 final wave, India's draft AIS-189 rules, Korea's ZEV quota. What vehicle homologation teams must track.
- [EU Vehicle Type Approval 2026: Euro 7, eCoC, CO2 Rollback](https://obsidianri.com/blog/vehicle-type-approval-regulatory-compliance-europe): Euro 7 hits new vehicle types on November 29, eCoC turns mandatory July 5, and Brussels may soften the 2035 combustion ban. What EU homologation teams must track.
- [Vehicle Type Approval Compliance in the Middle East: SASO, MoIAT, GSO](https://obsidianri.com/blog/vehicle-type-approval-regulatory-compliance-middle-east): Saudi Arabia, the UAE, Qatar and Israel run four separate type-approval regimes. What changed in 2026 for Euro 6b, UN R155/R156 and Israel's IMR.
- [Vehicle Type Approval in North America: 2026 Regulatory Chaos](https://obsidianri.com/blog/vehicle-type-approval-regulatory-compliance-north-america): EPA repealed federal vehicle GHG standards, California's ZEV waivers are in court, Canada is dropping its EV mandate. What homologation teams must track in 2026.
- [Vehicle Type Approval in South America: the 2026 Homologation Maze](https://obsidianri.com/blog/vehicle-type-approval-regulatory-compliance-south-america): No South American market joined UNECE 1958. Brazil, Argentina and Chile each run separate 2026 certification, emissions and tariff regimes to track.

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